3 Process approach T 21
3.1 Process
Process types, management, realization and support processes
The word processactivities that transform inputs into outputs (see also ISO 9000, 3.4.1) comes from the Latin root procedere = go, development, progress (Pro = forward, cedere = go). Each processactivities that transform inputs into outputs (see also ISO 9000, 3.4.1) transforms inputs into outputs, creating added value and potential nuisances.
A processactivities that transform inputs into outputs (see also ISO 9000, 3.4.1) has three basic elements: inputs, activities and outputs. .jpg)
A processactivities that transform inputs into outputs (see also ISO 9000, 3.4.1) can be very complex (launch a rocket) or relatively simple (audit a productany outcome of a process or activity (see also ISO 9000, 3.4.2)). A processactivities that transform inputs into outputs (see also ISO 9000, 3.4.1) is:
- repeatable
- foreseeable
- measurable
- definable
- dependent on its context
- responsible for its external providers
A processactivities that transform inputs into outputs (see also ISO 9000, 3.4.1) is, among other things, determined by its:
- title and type
- purpose (why?)
- beneficiary (for whom?)
- scope and activities
- initiators
- documented information
- inputs
- outputs (intentional and not intentional)
- restraints
- people
- material resources
- objectives and indicators
- person in charge (owner) and actors (participants)
- means of inspection (monitoring, measurement)
- mapping
- interaction with other processes
- risks and potential deviations
- opportunities for continual improvement
A processactivities that transform inputs into outputs (see also ISO 9000, 3.4.1) review is conducted periodically by the processactivities that transform inputs into outputs (see also ISO 9000, 3.4.1) owner (cf. annex 02). 
Review: a survey of a file, product or process so as to verify if pre-set objectives are achieved
The components of a process are shown in figure 3-1:
Figure 3-1. Components of a process
Figure 3-2 shows an example that helps to answer some questions:
- which materials, which documents, which tooling? (inputs)
- which title, what objective, which activities, requirements, constraints? (process)
- which products, which documents? (outputs)
- how, which inspections? (methods)
- what is the level of performance? (indicators)
- who, with what competence? (people)
- with what, which machines, which equipment? (material resources)
Figure 3-2. Some elements of a process
Often the output of a processactivities that transform inputs into outputs (see also ISO 9000, 3.4.1) is the input of the next processactivities that transform inputs into outputs (see also ISO 9000, 3.4.1).
Any organizationa structure that satisfies a need (see also ISO 9000, 3.2.1) (company) can be considered as a macro processactivities that transform inputs into outputs (see also ISO 9000, 3.4.1), with its purpose, its inputs (customeranyone who receives a product (see also ISO 9000, 3.2.4) needs and expectations) and its outputs (products/services to meet customeranyone who receives a product (see also ISO 9000, 3.2.4) requirementsexplicit or implicit need or expectation (see also ISO 9000, 3.6.4)).
Our preference is to identify a processactivities that transform inputs into outputs (see also ISO 9000, 3.4.1) using a verb (buy, produce, sell) instead of a noun (purchases, production, sales) to differentiate the processactivities that transform inputs into outputs (see also ISO 9000, 3.4.1) of the company's department or documented informationany support allowing the treatment of information to maintain and recall the purpose of the processactivities that transform inputs into outputs (see also ISO 9000, 3.4.1).
The processesactivities that transform inputs into outputs (see also ISO 9000, 3.4.1) are (as we shall see in the following paragraphs) of management, realization and support types. Do not attach too much importance to processactivities that transform inputs into outputs (see also ISO 9000, 3.4.1) categorizing (sometimes it's very relative) but ensure that all the company's activities at least fall into one processactivities that transform inputs into outputs (see also ISO 9000, 3.4.1).
3.1.1 Management processes
The following processesactivities that transform inputs into outputs (see also ISO 9000, 3.4.1) can be part of this family:
- develop strategy
- establish process ownership
- establish policy
- deploy objectives
- plan the AQMS
- acquire and manage resources
- address risks
- conduct an audit
- carry out management review
- communicate
- improve
- negotiate contract
- meet requirements
- analyze data
3.1.2 Realization processes
They are mainly:
- maintain equipment
- recall equipment
- manage critical items
- transfer of work
- manage operational risk
- guarantee product safety
- deter counterfeit parts
- design and develop
- carry out FMEA
- notify customers on changes
- purchase components
- control outsourced processes
- approve external providers
- evaluate test reports
- produce
- inspect production
- sell products
- inspect first article
- apply traceability
- receive, store and deliver
- control nonconformities
- implement corrective actions
A specific aspect of the aerospace industry is the use of special processes such as:
- chemical treatment
- coating
- defrosting
- heat treatment
- welding
- surface improvement and many others
A broad consensus was reached on standards and accreditation of processesactivities that transform inputs into outputs (see also ISO 9000, 3.4.1) and special productsany outcome of a process or activity (see also ISO 9000, 3.7.6) by Nadcap (National Aerospace and Defense Contractors Accreditation Program).
3.1.3 Support processes
The support processesactivities that transform inputs into outputs (see also ISO 9000, 3.4.1) are often:
- control documentation
- provide information
- acquire and maintain infrastructure
- provide training
- manage inspection means
- manage staff
- keep accountability
- manage configuration
3.2 Process mapping
Process mapping and house
Par excellence mapping processactivities that transform inputs into outputs (see also ISO 9000, 3.4.1) is a multidisciplinary work. This is not a formal requirementexplicit or implicit need or expectation (see also ISO 9000, 3.6.4) either of AS9100D or ISO 9001 but is always welcome.
The three types of processesactivities that transform inputs into outputs (see also ISO 9000, 3.4.1) and some interactions are shown in figure 3-3 (to simplify the figure, some processes are not shown).
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Figure 3-3. Process house
Examples of interested partiesperson, group or organization affected by the impacts from a company (see also ISO 14001, 3.2.3): investors, customersanyone who receives a product (see also ISO 9000, 3.2.4) , employees, external providersan entity that provides a product (see also ISO 9000, 3.2.6) and society.
The mapping, among other things, allows you to:
- obtain a global vision of the company
- identify the beneficiaries (customers), flow and interactions
- define rules (simple) for communication between processes
- develop strategy
- establish policy
- address risks
- plan the AQMS
- communicate
- acquire resources
- establish process ownership
- improve
Two other processactivities that transform inputs into outputs (see also ISO 9000, 3.4.1) examples ("design", figure 3-4 and "produce", figure 3-5) are:
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Figure 3-4. Design process
Figure 3-5. Produce process
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Minute of relaxation. Game: Process
3.3 Process approach
Process approach and continual improvement
Simple solutions for now, perfection for later
The process approachmanagement by the processes to better satisfy customers, improve the effectiveness of all processes and increase global efficiency (see also ISO 9001, 03) contributes enormously to the efficient management of the company (cf. annex 04).
Process approach: management by the processes to better satisfy customers, improve the effectiveness of all processes and increase global efficiency
When process approachmanagement by the processes to better satisfy customers, improve the effectiveness of all processes and increase global efficiency (see also ISO 9001, 03) is integrated during the development, implementation and continual improvementprocess allowing the improvement of the global performance of the organization (see also ISO 9000, 3.3.2) of an aerospace quality management systemset of processes allowing the achievement of the quality objectives (see also ISO 9000, 3.5.4), it allows one to achieve objectives that are related to customer satisfactiontop priority objective of every management system (see also ISO 9000, 3.9.2), as is shown in figure 3-6.
Figure 3-6. Model of an AQMS based on process approach and continual improvement
- emphasizes the importance of:
- understanding and complying with customer requirements
- prevention so as to react to unwanted elements such as:
- customer returns
- waste
- measuring process performance, effectiveness and efficiency
- permanently improving objectives based on pertinent measurements
- process added value
- relies on:
- methodical identification
- interactions
- the sequence and
- process management, which consists of:
- determining objectives and their indicators
- piloting related activities
- analyzing obtained results
- permanently undertaking improvement
- allows one to:
- better view inputs and outputs and their relationship
- clarify roles and responsibilities
- judiciously assign necessary resources
- break down the barriers between departments
- decrease costs, delays and waste
- and ensures in the long run:
- control
- monitoring and
- continual improvement of processes
- crisis management ("You will not solve the problems by addressing the effects")
- blaming people ("Poor quality is the result of poor management." Masaaki Imai)
- prioritizing investments ("Use your brain, not your money." Taiichi Ohno)
Minute of relaxation. Paganini's violin concert performed with facial expressions.