3 Process approach
3.1 Process types
Types, components, elements, management, realization, support
If you cannot describe what you are doing as a process, you do not know what you're doing. Edwards Deming
The word processactivities which transform inputs into outputs (see also ISO 9000, 3.4.1) comes from the Latin root procedere = go, development, progress (Pro = forward, cedere = go). Each processactivities which transform inputs into outputs (see also ISO 9000, 3.4.1) transforms inputs into outputs, creating added value and potential nuisances.
A processactivities which transform inputs into outputs (see also ISO 9000, 3.4.1) has three basic elements: inputs, activities and outputs. 
A processactivities which transform inputs into outputs (see also ISO 9000, 3.4.1) can be very complex (launch a rocket) or relatively simple (audit a productany outcome of a process or activity (see also ISO 9000, 3.4.2)). A processactivities which transform inputs into outputs (see also ISO 9000, 3.4.1) is:
- repeatable
- foreseeable
- measurable
- definable
- dependent on its context
- responsible for its external providers
A processactivities which transform inputs into outputs (see also ISO 9000, 3.4.1) is, among other things, determined by its:
- title and its type
- purpose (why?)
- beneficiary (for whom?)
- scope and activities
- initiators
- documents and records
- inputs
- outputs (intentional and unintentional)
- restrains
- people
- material resources
- objectives and indicators
- person in charge (owner) and actors (participants)
- means of inspection (monitoring, measurement)
- mapping
- interaction with other processes
- risks and potential deviations
- opportunities for continual improvement
A processactivities which transform inputs into outputs (see also ISO 9000, 3.4.1) review is carried out periodically by the processactivities which transform inputs into outputs (see also ISO 9000, 3.4.1) owner (cf. annex 05).
The components of a processactivities which transform inputs into outputs (see also ISO 9000, 3.4.1) are shown in figure 3-1:
Figure 3-1. Components of a process
Figure 3-2 shows an example that helps answer the questions:
- which materials, which documents, which tooling? (inputs)
- which title, which activities, requirements and constraints? (process)
- which products, which documents? (outputs)
- how, which inspections? (methods)
- what is the level of performance? (indicators)
- who, with what competence? (people)
- with what, which machines, which equipment? (material resources)
Figure 3-2. Some elements of a process
Often the output of a processactivities which transform inputs into outputs (see also ISO 9000, 3.4.1) is the input of the next processactivities which transform inputs into outputs (see also ISO 9000, 3.4.1).
You can find some examples of process forms in the document pack D 02
Any organizationa structure that satisfies a need (see also ISO 9000, 3.3.1) (company) can be considered as a macro processactivities which transform inputs into outputs (see also ISO 9000, 3.4.1), with its purpose, its inputs (customeranyone who receives a product (see also ISO 9000, 3.3.5) needs and expectations) and its outputs (products/services to satisfy customeranyone who receives a product (see also ISO 9000, 3.3.5) requirementsexplicit or implicit need or expectation (see also ISO 9000, 3.1.2)).
Our preference is to identify a processactivities which transform inputs into outputs (see also ISO 9000, 3.4.1) using a verb (buy, produce, sell) instead of a noun (purchases, production, sales) to differentiate the processactivities which transform inputs into outputs (see also ISO 9000, 3.4.1) from the company’s department or procedure to maintain and recall the purpose of the processactivities which transform inputs into outputs (see also ISO 9000, 3.4.1).
The processes are (as we will see in the following paragraphs) of management, realization and support types. Do not attach too much importance to processactivities which transform inputs into outputs (see also ISO 9000, 3.4.1) categorizing (sometimes it is very relative), but ensure that all the company’s activities at least fall into one processactivities which transform inputs into outputs (see also ISO 9000, 3.4.1).
3.1.1 Management processes
Management processes are also known as piloting, decision, key or major processes. They take part in the overall organization and include the development of the policy, deployment of the objectives and all needed checks. They are the glue of all realization and support processes.
The following processes can be part of this family:
- develop strategy
- manage risks:
- plan
- assess:
- identify
- analyze
- evaluate
- treat
- develop policy
- establish process ownership
- improve
- conduct an audit
- communicate
- plan the MS
- acquire and manage resources
- carry out management review
- measure stakeholder satisfaction
- negotiate contract
- analyze data
3.1.2 Realization processes
The realization (operational) processes are related to the productany outcome of a process or activity (see also ISO 9000, 3.4.2), increase the added value and contribute directly to customer satisfactiontop priority objective of every quality management system (see also ISO 9000, 3.1.4).
They are mainly:
- lead a project
- design and develop new products
- purchase components
- sell products
- inspect production
- maintain equipment
- implement traceability (identify and keep history)
- receive, store and deliver
- control nonconformities (NC)
- implement preventive and corrective actions
3.1.3 Support processes
The support processes provide the resources necessary for the proper functioning of all other processes. They are not directly related to a contribution of the productany outcome of a process or activity (see also ISO 9000, 3.4.2)'s added value but are still essential.
The support processes are often:
- control documentation
- provide information
- acquire and maintain infrastructure
- provide training
- manage inspection means
- manage staff
- keep accountability
3.2 Mapping
Interactions, process house, core process
Process “mapping” is par excellence a multidisciplinary work. This is not a formal requirement of either ISO 21502 or ISO 9001 but mapping is always welcome.
The three types of processes and some interactions are shown in figure 3-3.
Figure 3-3. Process house
Mapping, among other things, allows you to:
- obtain a global vision of the company
- identify the beneficiaries (customers), flows and interactions
- define (simple) rules for communication between processes
To obtain a clearer picture, you can simplify by using a total of about 15 core processes. A core processactivities which transform inputs into outputs (see also ISO 9000, 3.4.1) can contain several sub-processes: for example, the processactivities which transform inputs into outputs (see also ISO 9000, 3.4.1) "develop the MS" can involve:
- develop strategy
- manage risks
- develop policy
- plan the MS
- deploy objectives
- acquire resources
- establish process ownership
- improve
3.3 Process approach
Benefits, process approach and continual improvement
Simple solutions for now, perfection for later
The fourth principle of quality management is “Process approach” (see ISO 9000, 2.3.4). Some benefits:
- obtain a global vision of the company thanks to the mapping
- identify and manage responsibilities and resources
- achieve effective management of the company based on process indicators
- manage risks that could influence the objectives
Process approach: management by the processes to better satisfy customers, improve the effectiveness of all processes and increase global efficiency
When the process approachmanagement by the processes to better satisfy customers, improve the effectiveness of all processes and increase global efficiency (see also ISO 9004, Annexe B.5) is integrated during the development, implementation and continual improvementpermanent process allowing the improvement of the global performance of the organization (see also ISO 9000, 3.2.13 and ISO 14 001, 3.2) of a quality management systemset of processes allowing the achievement of the quality objectives (see also ISO 9000, 3.2.3), it allows one to achieve objectives that are related to customer satisfactiontop priority objective of every quality management system (see also ISO 9000, 3.1.4), as is shown in figure 3-4 (cf. ISO 9001, 0.2).
Figure 3-4. Model of a MS-based on the process approach and continual improvement
The process approachmanagement by the processes to better satisfy customers, improve the effectiveness of all processes and increase global efficiency (see also ISO 9004, Annexe B.5) (cf. annex 07):
- emphasizes the importance of:
- understanding and complying with customer requirements
- prevention so as to react to unwanted elements such as:
- customer returns
- waste
- measuring process performance, effectiveness and efficiency
- permanently improving objectives based on pertinent measurements
- process added value
- relies on:
- methodical identification
- interactions
- the sequence and
- process management, which consists of:
- determining objectives and their indicators
- piloting related activities
- analyzing obtained results
- permanently undertaking improvements
- allows one to:
- better view inputs and outputs and their relationship
- clarify roles and responsibilities
- judiciously assign necessary resources
- break down barriers between departments
- decrease costs, delays and waste
- and ensures in the long run:
- control
- monitoring and
- continual improvement of processes
- crisis management ("You will not solve the problems by addressing the effects")
- blaming people (“Poor quality is the result of poor management" - Masaaki Imai)
- prioritizing investments (“Use your brain, not your money" - Taiichi Ohno)
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Minute of relaxation. Cf. game: Process